Below is some information on how to get an 8x8 led matrix working on your Raspberry Pi using C.
I have also included the code needed to get text scrolling.

The matrix I am using is this one from Adafruit. This matrix uses a HT16K33 controller chip and communicates with the Pi via the i2c bus.

Adafruit has very good and detailed tutorials on how to solder it up and get i2c working between your Pi and the Matrix.
http://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-led-backpack/
http://learn.adafruit.com/matrix-7-segment-led-backpack-with-the-raspberry-pi/configuring-your-pi-for-i2c

In brief;

1. Scan the i2c bus for your device.
2. Download the code needed.
3. Compile.
4. Run.

1. Scan i2c bus

Adafruit have some great instructions in the links above on how to do this.
When using i2cdetect to scan my bus, 0x70 was returned for the address of my matrix.
I am using a Rev B board and my bus is 1. If you get nothing back, check bus 0 with i2cdetect -y 0.

2. Download the code

3. Compile the program

Compile the program with;

4. Run it!

When starting the program, you will need to specify the i2c bus, address of the matrix and the text to scroll.
The address needs to be in decimal format. If 0x70 (Hex) is returned when using i2cdetect, then this would be 112 in decimal.

Some extra notes

Characters are displayed the wrong way
If you have characters being shown in reverse, just like a mirror image, then comment out this line.

                        numbers[ i][y]=reverseBits(numbers[ i][y]);

Stop text being displayed on the console
Comment out this line if you would like the text to not be displayed on the console.

                       printbitssimple(numbers[ i][t]);// display  text on console

How the matrix is initialized
Some details on how the matrix is initialized;

1. Start the Oscillator.
2. Turn the Display on.
3. Set the brightness.
4. Set the address to write from.

Shown here;

daddress = 0x21; // Start oscillator
printf("writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
daddress = 0x81; // Display on, blinking off
printf("writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
daddress = 0xef; // Full brightness
printf("Full brightness writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
daddress = 0x00; // Start writing to address 0
printf("Start writing to address 0 writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);

The code that scrolls

                       

#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "i2c-dev.h"
#include <fcntl.h>
#include "8x8font.h"
#include <string.h>

__u16 block[I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX];
//global variables used for matrix
int res, i2cbus, daddress, address, size, file;
//Reverse the bits
unsigned  char  reverseBits(unsigned  char num)
{
    unsigned  char count = sizeof(num) * 8 - 1;
    unsigned  char reverse_num = num;
    num >>= 1;
    while(num)
    {
       reverse_num <<= 1;
       reverse_num |= num & 1;
       num >>= 1;
       count--;
    }
    reverse_num <<= count;
    return reverse_num;
}
/* Print n as a binary number */
void printbitssimple(char n) {
        unsigned char i;
        i = 1<<(sizeof(n) * 8 - 1);
        while (i > 0) {
                if (n & i)
                        printf("#");
                else
                        printf(".");
                i >>= 1;
        	}
        printf("\n");
	}

int displayImage(__u16 bmp[], int res, int daddress, int file)
{
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<8; i++)
        {
             block[ i] = (bmp[ i]&0xfe) >>1 |
             (bmp[ i]&0x01) << 7;
        }
        res = i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(file, daddress, 16,
                (__u8 *)block);
        usleep(100000);
}
void  INThandler(int sig)
{
       // Closing file and turning off Matrix
	unsigned short int clear[] = {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};
	displayImage(clear,res, daddress, file);
        printf("Closing file and turning off the LED Matrix\n");
        daddress = 0x20;
        for(daddress = 0xef; daddress >= 0xe0; daddress--) {
                res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
        }
	signal(sig, SIG_IGN);
        close(file);
        exit(0);
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        //Exit if not enough parameters are added with the executable
        if(argc != 4 ) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Usage:  %s <i2c-bus> <i2c-address> <text to scroll>\n", argv[0]);
                exit(1);
        }

        char *end;
        int count,cont;
        char filename[20];
        unsigned char letter;
        int i,t,y;
        i2cbus   = atoi(argv[1]);
        address  = atoi(argv[2]);
        daddress = 0;
	char text[strlen(argv[3])+4];

	signal(SIGINT, INThandler);

	//Startup the matrix
	size = I2C_SMBUS_BYTE;
	sprintf(filename, "/dev/i2c-%d", i2cbus);
	file = open(filename, O_RDWR);
	if (file<0) {
		if (errno == ENOENT) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Error: Could not open file "
				"/dev/i2c-%d: %s\n", i2cbus, strerror(ENOENT));
			}
		 else {
			fprintf(stderr, "Error: Could not open file "
				"`%s': %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
			if (errno == EACCES)
				fprintf(stderr, "Run as root?\n");
		}
		exit(1);
	}
	if (ioctl(file, I2C_SLAVE, address) < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr,
			"Error: Could not set address to 0x%02x: %s\n",
			address, strerror(errno));
		return -errno;
	}

	res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
	if (res < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Warning - write failed, filename=%s, daddress=%d\n",
			filename, daddress);
	}

	daddress = 0x21; // Start oscillator (page 10)
	printf("writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
	res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
	daddress = 0x81; // Display on, blinking off (page 11)
	printf("writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
	res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
	daddress = 0xef; // Full brightness (page 15)
	printf("Full brightness writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
	res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);
	daddress = 0x00; // Start writing to address 0 (page 13)
	printf("Start writing to address 0 writing: 0x%02x\n", daddress);
	res = i2c_smbus_write_byte(file, daddress);

	//Setup the text  argument that was passed to main. remove null and add some extra spaces.
        for(i = 0; i < (strlen(argv[3])) ; i++){
	        text[ i] = argv[3][ i];
        }
        for(i = 0; i < 4 ; i++){
                text[strlen(argv[3])+i] = 32;
        }


        //put all the characters of the scrolling text in a contiguous block

	int length = (strlen(text))-2;
	int Vposition,c,character, l;
	unsigned short int   displayBuffer[8][length*8];
	unsigned short int   display[8];
	for(i = 0; i < length ; i++){
		character = (text[ i]-31);
		 for(Vposition = 0; Vposition < 8 ; Vposition++){
			displayBuffer[Vposition][ i] = FONT8x8[character][Vposition];
		}
	}
	//Text scrolling happens here
	while (1){
		unsigned short int   bitShifted[8];
		for(letter=0; letter<(length-1); letter++){
        		for(y=0; y<8; y++){
	    			for(i=0; i<8; i++){
					bitShifted[ i] = (displayBuffer[ i][letter]) << y | (displayBuffer[ i][letter+1]) >> (8-y);
					bitShifted[ i]  = reverseBits(bitShifted[ i]);
				}
			        displayImage(bitShifted,res, daddress, file);
		    		for(i=0; i<8; i++){
			        	printbitssimple( bitShifted[ i]);
				}
			}
		}
	}
}